ITU Recommendation M.2177: Detailed specifications of the satellite radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020) approved in 02-2026 and managed by ITU SG4 Satellite services
ITU Standard: M.2150 : Detailed specifications of the terrestrial radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020)
ITU-R Recommendations on the IMT family: approved in 2026-02
Managed by ITU SG5 Terrestrial services Systems and networks for fixed, mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and amateur-satellite services.
IEEE/IEC Draft International Standard - Assessment of Power Density of Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields from Wireless Devices in Close Proximity to the Head and Body (Frequency Range of 6 GHz to 300 GHz) Part 4: Computational Procedures for Absorbed Power Density
This document specifies computational procedures for conservative and reproducible computations of the absorbed power density (APD) or epithelial power density, which is a measure to quantify the dissipated electromagnetic power in the human head or body due to exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) transmitting devices. The computational procedures described are finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite element methods (FEM), which are used to determine electromagnetic quantities by solving Maxwell's equations. The procedures specified here apply to exposure evaluations for the significant majority of the population during the use of hand-held and body-worn RF transmitting devices with known uncertainty. The methods apply to devices with single or multiple transmitters or antennas that operate with their radiating structure(s) at distances up to 200 mm from the human head or body. This document can be employed to evaluate compliance with applicable APD limits of different types of RF transmitting wireless communication devices used in close proximity to the head and body, with or without RF transmitting or non-transmitting accessories, or of devices embedded in garments. The overall applicable frequency range of the specified protocols and procedures is from 6 GHz to 300 GHz. The categories of wireless communication devices covered in this document include mobile telephones, radio transmitters in personal computers, desktop and laptop devices, and multi-band and multi-antenna devices. The procedures of this document do not apply to APD evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted or altered by devices or objects intended to be implanted in the body.
IEEE/IEC Draft International Standard - Assessment of Power Density of Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields from Wireless Devices in Close Proximity to the Head and Body (Frequency Range of 6 GHz to 300 GHz) Part 3: Measurement Procedures for Absorbed Power Density
This document specifies protocols and test procedures for repeatable and reproducible measurements of the absorbed power density (APD) that provide conservative estimates of the exposure of the human head or body to radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by wireless communication devices, with a specified measurement uncertainty. These protocols and procedures apply to the evaluation of the exposure of the significant majority of the population during the use of hand-held and body-worn RF transmitting wireless communication devices. The methods apply to devices, with single or multiple transmitters or antennas, that operate with their radiating structure(s) at distances up to 200 mm from the human head or body. The methods of this document can be used to evaluate compliance with applicable APD limits of different types of RF transmitting wireless communication devices used in close proximity to the head and body, with or without RF transmitting or non-transmitting accessories, or of devices embedded in garments. The overall applicable frequency range of the specified protocols and procedures is from 6 GHz to 300 GHz. The categories of wireless communication devices covered in this document include mobile telephones, radio transmitters in personal computers, desktop and laptop devices, and multi-band and multi-antenna devices. The procedures of this document do not apply to APD evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted or altered by devices or objects intended to be implanted in the body.
The sectors of Digital Twins, Virtual Worlds/Citiverse, IoT and Data Spaces are fragmented, especially the uneven uptake of NGSI‑LD, Smart Data Models/SAREF and governance models creates a barrier for cross‑domain interoperability in cities. Therefore, I focus on harmonising these layers within ITU‑T Citiverse and EU Local Digital Twin (LDT) Toolbox. I also contribute to aligning LDT and Data Space governance with UNE 0087:2025 and the Gaia‑X Trust Framework to operationalise sovereignty, compliance and automated conformance. Moreover, I contribute to mapping LDT/MIM8, NGSI‑LD, SIMPL and Citiverse deliverables to speed deployment and avoid duplicate or conflicting specs.
Libelium is a SME and it has directly contribute to Libelium and other SMEs working on Data Spaces, Digital Twins and Citiverse by lowering entry costs via reusable NGSI‑LD/MIM8 profiles and Toolbox components; reduced lock‑in and faster integrations, and making easier the market access to Data Space Ready patterns (CT73/UNE) and Gaia‑X alignment for trustworthy exchange.
Impact on society (9th Open Call)
I see a bit different societal impact of each target project:
Interoperable public services and vendor‑neutral procurement via NGSI‑LD/MIM8 profiles.
Trustworthy data sharing for cities/SMEs through UNE 0087 an Gaia‑X trust mechanisms.
Inclusive urban innovation under the Citiverse initiative (human‑centred, open, safe).
In my fellowship i have been working to support the challenge of native integration of AI in the context of communication networks. While much success has been achieved in addressing network use cases with intelligent technologies, this has predominantly been applied in a case by case basis, with resulting outputs added to the networks in an ad-hoc way. Instead, AI-native networks are envisioned to accommodate the ubiquitous and native deployment of AI-based solutions in the network. Through the work of the ITU-T Focus Group on AI-Native Networks, I contributed to the elaboration of use case, and associated requirements. I have also been supporting on the analysis of relevant key technologies that are required to realise the requirements derived from the use cases.
Country
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the)
Impact on SMEs (9th Open Call)
AI-native networks are set to increase the amount of automated operation within our networks, making them more scalable and resilient and decreasing OPEX. From a consumer perspective, this will translate to more reliable service operation at a lower cost.
Impact on society (9th Open Call)
Integration of AI in the management and operation of telecommunication networks, supports increased automation, reducing the operational expenditure and increasing the reliability of their operation. Together, this supports cheaper, more resilient, and high quality critical national infrastructure for society that relies on such networks for entertainment, maintain societal bonds, education, emergency support, and commerce. In this way, this work in-directly supports this by supporting standardisation that eases the integration of AI in networks.
This fellowship supported my work in updating to the IEEE 802.11 standard to prevent a recently discovered security weakness. This weakness is related to mesh networks, where, without extra defenses, an adversary could inject arbitrary packets into protected mesh networks. We designed a defense to mitigate this challenging gap. Unique about our created defense is that it is fully backward compatible, meaning each individual mesh client can independently enable this defense. As a proof-of-concept, we also implemented this defense in the Linux kernel to demonstrate practicality and confirm it prevents attacks.
During the fellowship, I have been in contact with LANCOM, a European company providing Wi-Fi equipment, on improving the security of their devices, inspired by our research and contributions to the IEEE 802.11 standards. This allows European SMEs to take a leadership position on ensuring security and privacy in IEEE 802.11 equipment and networks.
Impact on society (9th Open Call)
Privacy and security are core human rights in our eyes, and our standardization improvements support this societal right. More broadly, these contributions help us as a European player to influence the IEEE 802.11 standard with these values. The security improvements are also created with sustainability in mind, as their overhead is designed to be minimal and practically negligible, and is designed to be backward compatible to reduce e-waste.
This was a one-shot contribution to provide travel support for participation to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and specifically participation at the July 2025 plenary meeting in Madrid. I attended this meeting as an Internet Transport expert contributing work and progressing standards to support the evolution of the Internet and its support for enhanced resilience, authentication and privacy. An in-person attendance at the technical sessions also allowed me to progress the work for which I am an editor: Qlog draft-ietf-tsvwg-careful-resume-qlog, a transport specification based on the “qlog” specification being developed by the IETF QUIC; and a recent work item in the IETF Congestion Control working group, “Increase of the Congestion Window when the Sender Is Rate-Limited” (draft-ietf-ccwg-ratelimited-increase). In-person participation at this meeting is particularly important in my current role as an Area Director of the WIT Area, where I will help organise and oversee the meeting as a whole and specifically support the WIT area WG chairs in organising WG sessions and supporting cross area review of emerging specifications.
Country
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the)
Development of new IETF secure and resilient standards are important for a digital society. Since the last IETF plenary meeting 74 documents had been approved for publication in the last quarter and 83 RFCs had been published. Two new IAB workshops were announced: Joint
IAB/W3C Workshop on Age-Based Restrictions on Content Access and an IAB Workshop on IP Geolocation. The importance of standards was evident in serval meetings co-located with IETF-123. This including meetings with policy and regulators, a meeting on Multi-Stakeholder Forum on Internet Standards Deployment accompanied by an IEPG presentation by Rüdiger Martin of the Internet Governance Team from DG-CNECT, EU. This outlines plans around NIS2, and sought to develop understanding of challenges and barriers, provide timelines for deployments of protocols at scale and best current practice. The transport system is primarily concerned with robustness and resilience to disruption of the Internet service. IETF participants had various insights into the roll-out of new standards and the implications of the new regulatory landscape.
Impact on society (9th Open Call)
The IETF is the principal Internet SDO. IETF standards and guidelines are important to Broadband Infrastructure, ensuring resilience and security of Internet data.
The standards published by the IETF define the software, protocols, and practices implemented by equipment vendors and operators. When adopted by industry, these standards will be deployed by international companies such as Apple, Google, Meta, Cloudflare and others. Specifications in the working groups for which I am the responsible Area Director include: Differentiated Services, new transport protocol mechanisms and the effects of pervasive encryption, protocol design, network infrastructure operation. It is important that new specifications consider user privacy, security, resilience and robustness to build the next generation of Internet applications and service.
Mobile and fixed networks are evolving towards ultra-broadband and, with 5G, are going to converge. The use of much broader frequency ranges, up to 60 GHz, where radio propagation is an issue, is going to impact the network deployment topologies. In particular, the use of higher frequencies and the need to cover hot/black spots and indoor locations, will make it necessary to deploy much denser amount of radio nodes. 5G is introducing major improvements on Massive MIMO, IoT, low latency, unlicensed spectrum, and with V2x for the vehicular market. Support of some of these services will have a relevant effect on the power ratings and the energy consumption at the radio base station. A major new service area of 5G impacting the powering and backup will be the URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication) as its support will increase the service availability demands by many orders of magnitude. Supporting such high availability goals will be partly reached through redundant network coverage, but a main support will have to come through newly designed powering architectures. This will be made even more challenging as 5G will require the widespread introduction of distributed small cells. ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 [i.5] analyses the implications and indicates possible solutions to fulfil such high demanding availability goals. There is a need to define sustainable and smart powering solutions, able to adapt to the present mobile network technologies and able to evolve to adapt to their evolution. The flexibility would be needed at level of power interface, power consumption, architecture tolerant to power delivery point changes and including control-monitoring. This means that it should include from the beginning appropriate modularity and reconfiguration features for local powering and energy storage and for remote powering solutions including power lines sizing, input and output conversion power and scalable sources. The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It is published respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1210 [i.7] and ETSI ES 203 700 (the present document), which are technically-equivalent.
