ISO/IEC

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO/IEC 9636 establishes the conceptual model, functional capability, and minimum conformance requirements of the Computer Graphics Interface (CGI). It specifies design requirements for encodings of the CGI. ISO/IEC 9636 defines a set of CGI functions that is expected to satisfy the following needs of a majority of the computer graphics community:

(a) provide an interface standard for computer graphics software package implementors;

(b) provide an interface standard for computer graphics device manufacturers and suppliers;

(c) provide an inquiry and response mechanism for graphics device capabilities, characteristics, and states;

(d) provide a standard graphics escape mechanism to access non-standard graphics device capabilities; and

(e) allow for future functional extension of the CGI.

In addition to the CGI functionality, device classes, and Foundation and Constituency Profiles are defined. The device classes included in the CGI are output (OUTPUT), input (INPUT), and output/input (OUTIN). Profiles allow subsets of the CGI functions and features to be defined to suit particular well-identified groups of users. There is also provision for Constituency Profiles to be registered after ISO/IEC 9636 is published. The Computer Graphics Interface (CGI) is a standard functional and syntactical specification of the control and data exchange between device-independent graphics software and an implementation of a CGI Virtual Device. The syntax of the CGI, presented in ISO/IEC 9636, is an encoding-independent and binding-independent specification. Any similarity of the examples or function specifications to a particular encoding technique or language is coincidental unless explicitly stated otherwise. The functions specified provide for the representation of a wide range of two-dimensional pictures and for control over their display on a wide range of graphics devices. The functions are split into groups that perform device and CGI session control, specify the data representations used, control the display of the picture, perform basic drawing actions, control the attributes of the basic drawing actions, acquire data from input devices, and provide access to non-standard device capabilities. This part of ISO/IEC 9636 gives an overview of ISO/IEC 9636, explains the relationship between its parts and their relation to other standards, describes a reference model for graphics systems, and defines certain Foundation and Constituency Profiles. ISO/IEC 9636-2, ISO/IEC 9636-3, ISO/IEC 9636-4, ISO/IEC 9636-5, and ISO/IEC 9636-6 specify the CGI functions for different functional areas using an abstract notation. ISO/IEC 9637 and ISO/IEC 9638 define standard data stream encodings, procedural library bindings, and single entry point procedural bindings of the CGI.

This document defines the framework and information reference model for representing sensor-based 3D mixed-reality worlds. It defines concepts, an information model, architecture, system functions, and how to integrate 3D virtual worlds and physical sensors in order to provide mixed-reality applications with physical sensor interfaces. It defines an exchange format necessary for transferring and storing data between physical sensor-based mixed-reality applications. This document specifies the following functionalities:

a) representation of physical sensors in a 3D scene;

b) definition of physical sensors in a 3D scene;

c) representation of functionalities of each physical sensor in a 3D scene;

d) representation of physical properties of each physical sensor in a 3D scene;

e) management of physical sensors in a 3D scene; and

f) interface with physical sensor information in a 3D scene.

This document defines a reference model for physical sensor-based mixed-reality applications to represent and to exchange functions of physical sensors in 3D scenes. It does not define specific physical interfaces necessary for manipulating physical devices, but rather defines common functional interfaces that can be used interchangeably between applications. This document does not define how specific applications are implemented with specific physical sensor devices. It does not include computer generated sensor information using computer input/output devices such as a mouse or a keyboard. The sensors in this document represent physical sensor devices in the real world.

This document describes the glTF file format. glTF is an API-neutral runtime asset delivery format. glTF bridges the gap between 3D content creation tools and modern graphics applications by providing an efficient, extensible, interoperable format for the transmission and loading of 3D content.

The Extensible 3D (X3D) specification, ISO/IEC 19775, specifies a language-independent application programmer interface (API) to a set of services and functions. For integration into a programming language, the X3D abstract interfaces are embedded in a language dependent layer obeying the particular conventions of that language. ISO/IEC 19777-2:2006 specifies such a language-dependent layer for the Java programming language.

For integration into a programming language, the X3D abstract interfaces are embedded in a language-dependent layer obeying the particular conventions of that language. ISO/IEC 19777-1:2006 specifies such a language dependent layer for the ECMAScript language. ISO/IEC 19775-2 specifies a language-independent application programmer interface (API) to a set of services and functions.

This document defines the scope and key concepts of mixed and augmented reality, the relevant terms and their definitions and a generalized system architecture that together serve as a reference model for mixed and augmented reality (MAR) applications, components, systems, services and specifications. This architectural reference model establishes the set of required sub-modules and their minimum functions, the associated information content and the information models to be provided and/or supported by a compliant MAR system. The reference model is intended for use by current and future developers of MAR applications, components, systems, services or specifications to describe, compare, contrast and communicate their architectural design and implementation. The MAR reference model is designed to apply to MAR systems independent of specific algorithms, implementation methods, computational platforms, display systems and sensors or devices used. This document does not specify how a particular MAR application, component, system, service or specification is designed, developed or implemented. It does not specify the bindings of those designs and concepts to programming languages or the encoding of MAR information through any coding technique or interchange format. This document contains a list of representative system classes and use cases with respect to the reference model.

The standard specifies how Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) devices should be set up and used in the enterprise; in a manner that ensures Health and Safety (H&S) is maintained, H&S consequences are understood, and additional risks are not introduced. Within this concept of safe usage, there is particular focus on guidance around safe immersion (time) and safety in the workplace. This ISO/IEC standard:

(a) defines the concepts of AR, VR, the virtuality continuum and other associated terms such as Augmented Virtuality and Mixed Reality;

(b) provides guidance on setting up AR systems;

(c) provides guidance on setting up VR systems;

(d) provides guidance on safe usage and immersion in AR systems both in the consumer and enterprise domains; and

(e) provides guidance on safe usage and immersion in VR systems both in the consumer and enterprise domains.

This standard focuses on visual aspects of AR and VR. Other modes such as haptics and olfactory are not addressed within this standard. The standard covers both the hardware (the physical VR/AR head mounted displays) and areas of visual stimulus (the environments and graphics displayed in those headsets). The standard does not cover all possible visual stimulus scenarios; focus is directed toward those areas that are known to have implications on safe use. This specifically includes the source vection (visual illusion of self-motion in physically stationary VR/AR users) and/or motion (physical movement of VR/AR users) and associated safe use considerations. It should be noted that AR/VR have some shared safety concerns, but many are distinct to AR or VR and a consumer or enterprise environment. As such all of these are in scope, and the standard is structured to account for these differences.

This document describes a visualization framework for data quality in analytics and machine learning. The aim is to enable stakeholders using visualization methods to assess the results of data quality measures. This visualization framework supports data quality goals.

ISO/IEC 18305:2016 identifies appropriate performance metrics and test & evaluation scenarios for localization and tracking systems, and it provides guidance on how best to present and visualize the T&E results. It focuses primarily on indoor environments.

This document specifies guidelines for the representation and visualization of smart cities. This document:

(a) describes the concepts of a smart city, smart city object and smart city data,

(b) describes categories of data associated with smart cities,provides guidance for representation of smart cities,

(c) describes guidance for visualization of smart cities,

(d) provides guidance in selecting the appropriate representation and visualization technique for different categories of smart city data using standards, and

(e) provides use cases for applying standards to the representation and visualization of smart cities.

ISO/IEC 9973:2013 specifies procedures to be followed in preparing, maintaining and publishing the International Register of Items for any standard whose classes of items are applicable to this register. The items that may be registered fall into several broad categories including:

- computer graphics concepts,

- data structures used by relevant standards,

- spatial and environmental concepts, and

- profiles of relevant standards.

ISO/IEC 19775, X3D, defines a software system that integrates network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D application is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 defines the architecture and base components of X3D. The semantics of X3D describe an abstract functional behaviour of time-based, interactive 3D, multimedia information. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 does not define physical devices or any other implementation-dependent concepts (e.g. screen resolution and input devices). It is intended for a wide variety of devices and applications, and provides wide latitude in interpretation and implementation of the functionality. For example, it does not assume the existence of a mouse or 2D display device. Each X3D application:

(1) implicitly establishes a world coordinate space for all objects defined, as well as all objects included by the application;

(2) explicitly defines and composes a set of 3D and multimedia objects;

(3) can specify hyperlinks to other files and applications;

(4) can define programmatic or data-driven object behaviours;

(5) can connect to external modules or applications via programming and scripting languages;

(6) explicitly declares its functional requirements by specifying a profile; and

(7) can declare additional functional requirements by specifying components.