ISO

This document specifies the data structure and content of an interface that permits communication between position-providing device(s) and position-using device(s) enabling the position-using device(s) to obtain and unambiguously interpret position information and determine, based on a measure of the degree of reliability, whether the resulting position information meets the requirements of the intended use. A standardized interface for positioning allows the integration of reliable position information obtained from non-specific positioning technologies and is useful in various location-focused information applications, such as surveying, navigation, intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and location-based services (LBS).

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO 19115-1:2014 defines the schema required for describing geographic information and services by means of metadata. It provides information about the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal aspects, the content, the spatial reference, the portrayal, distribution, and other properties of digital geographic data and services. ISO 19115-1:2014 is applicable to:

(a) the cataloguing of all types of resources, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets and services; and

(b) geographic services, geographic datasets, dataset series, and individual geographic features and feature properties.

ISO 19115-1:2014 defines:

(1) mandatory and conditional metadata sections, metadata entities, and metadata elements;

(2) the minimum set of metadata required to serve most metadata applications (data discovery, determining data fitness for use, data access, data transfer, and use of digital data and services);

(3) optional metadata elements to allow for a more extensive standard description of resources, if required; and

(4) a method for extending metadata to fit specialized needs.

Though ISO 19115-1:2014 is applicable to digital data and services, its principles can be extended to many other types of resources such as maps, charts, and textual documents as well as non-geographic data. Certain conditional metadata elements might not apply to these other forms of data.

This document defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers and defines the components of a spatial reference system. It also specifies a conceptual scheme for a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is included in this document. This document enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information. This document is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.

This document defines the conceptual schema for the description of referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define coordinate reference systems. This document supports the definition of:

(1) spatial coordinate reference systems where coordinate values do not change with time. The system may:

- be geodetic and apply on a national or regional basis, or

- apply locally such as for a building or construction site, or

- apply locally to an image or image sensor; or

- be referenced to a moving platform such as a car, a ship, an aircraft or a spacecraft. Such a coordinate reference system can be related to a second coordinate reference system which is referenced to the Earth through a transformation that includes a time element;

(2) spatial coordinate reference systems in which coordinate values of points on or near the surface of the earth change with time due to tectonic plate motion or other crustal deformation. Such dynamic systems include time evolution, however they remain spatial in nature;

(3) parametric coordinate reference systems which use a non-spatial parameter that varies monotonically with height or depth;

(4) temporal coordinate reference systems which use dateTime, temporal count or temporal measure quantities that vary monotonically with time; and

(5) mixed spatial, parametric or temporal coordinate reference systems.

The definition of a coordinate reference system does not change with time, although in some cases some of the defining parameters can include a rate of change of the parameter. The coordinate values within a dynamic and in a temporal coordinate reference system can change with time. This document also describes the conceptual schema for defining the information required to describe operations that change coordinate values. In addition to the minimum data required for the definition of the coordinate reference system or coordinate operation, the conceptual schema allows additional descriptive information - coordinate reference system metadata - to be provided. This document is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, the principles described in this document can be extended to many other forms of spatial data such as maps, charts and text documents.

ISO 19110:2016 defines the methodology for cataloguing feature types. This document specifies how feature types can be organized into a feature catalogue and presented to the users of a set of geographic data. This document is applicable to creating catalogues of feature types in previously uncatalogued domains and to revising existing feature catalogues to comply with standard practice. This document applies to the cataloguing of feature types that are represented in digital form. Its principles can be extended to the cataloguing of other forms of geographic data. Feature catalogues are independent of feature concept dictionaries defined in ISO 19126 and can be specified without having to use or create a Feature Concept Dictionary. ISO 19110:2016 is applicable to the definition of geographic features at the type level. This document is not applicable to the representation of individual instances of each type. This document excludes portrayal schemas as specified in ISO 19117. ISO 19110:2016 may be used as a basis for defining the universe of discourse being modelled in a particular application, or to standardize general aspects of real world features being modelled in more than one application.

ISO 19109:2015 defines rules for creating and documenting application schemas, including principles for the definition of features.

The scope of this International Standard includes the following:

(1) conceptual modelling of features and their properties from a universe of discourse;

(2) definition of application schemas;

(3) use of the conceptual schema language for application schemas;

(4) transition from the concepts in the conceptual model to the data types in the application schema; and

(5) integration of standardized schemas from other ISO geographic information standards with the application schema.

The following are outside the scope:

(a) choice of one particular conceptual schema language for application schemas;

(b) definition of any particular application schema;

(c) representation of feature types and their properties in a feature catalogue;

(d) representation of metadata;

(e) rules for mapping one application schema to another;

(f) implementation of the application schema in a computer environment;

(g) computer system and application software design; and

(h) programming.

ISO 19108:2002 defines concepts for describing temporal characteristics of geographic information. It depends upon existing information technology standards for the interchange of temporal information. It provides a basis for defining temporal feature attributes, feature operations, and feature associations, and for defining the temporal aspects of metadata about geographic information. Since this International Standard is concerned with the temporal characteristics of geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world, it emphasizes valid time rather than transaction time.

This document specifies conceptual schemas for describing the spatial characteristics of geographic entities, and a set of spatial operations consistent with these schemas. It treats _vector_ geometry and topology. It defines standard spatial operations for use in access, query, management, processing and data exchange of geographic information for spatial (geometric and topological) objects. Because of the nature of geographic information, these geometric coordinate spaces will normally have up to three spatial dimensions, one temporal dimension and any number of other spatially dependent parameters as needed by the applications. In general, the topological dimension of the spatial projections of the geometric objects will be at most three.

ISO 19106:2004 is intended to define the concept of a profile of the ISO geographic information standards developed by ISO/TC 211 and to provide guidance for the creation of such profiles. Only those components of specifications that meet the definition of a profile contained herein can be established and managed through the mechanisms described in this International Standard. These profiles can be standardized internationally using the ISO standardization process. This document also provides guidance for establishing, managing, and standardizing at the national level (or in some other forum).

This document specifies how to extend the ISO 32000-2 specification by adding the ISO 10303-242 (STEP AP 242) format as a valid format for 3D assets contained in a RichMedia annotation. It is intended for:

- developers of software that creates PDF files (PDF writers);

- software that reads existing PDF files and usually interprets their contents for display (PDF readers);

- software that reads and displays PDF content and interacts with the computer users to possibly modify and save the PDF file (PDF processors);

- PDF products that read and/or write PDF files for a variety of other purposes (PDF processors).

This document specifies an XML format for representing forms data and annotations in the Portable Document Format, ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0).

This part of ISO 29481 specifies:

- a methodology that links the business processes undertaken during the construction of built facilities with the specification of information that is required by these processes, and

- a way to map and describe the information processes across the life cycle of construction works.

This part of ISO 29481 is intended to facilitate interoperability between software applications used during all stages of the life cycle of construction works, including briefing, design, documentation, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition. It promotes digital collaboration between actors in the construction process and provides a basis for accurate, reliable, repeatable and high-quality information exchange.