Standard

This document is the first of a family of standards. This document supports the definition of:

(1) Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) core comprising: an RS using zonal identifiers with structured geometry, and functions providing import, export and topological query,

(2) Common spatio-temporal classes for geometry, topology, RS using zonal identifiers, zonal identifiers and zones, based on ISO 19111 CRS. The spatio-temporal scope is constrained to: spatial elements that are invariant through all time, and temporal elements that are invariant across all space.

(3) Equal-Area Earth Reference Systems (EAERSs) for Equal-Area Earth DGGS.

ISO/TS 19158:2012 provides a framework for quality assurance specific to geographic information. It is based upon the quality principles and quality evaluation procedures of geographic information identified in ISO 19157 and the general quality management principles defined in ISO 9000. The framework defined in ISO/TS 19158:2012 enables a customer to satisfy itself that its suppliers, both internal and external, are capable of delivering geographic information to the required quality. Fundamental to the framework is the assurance of the supplier's ability to understand and meet the quality requirements. Through the quality assurance framework both the customer and the supplier are able to consider the quality required at the earliest opportunity in the production/update process. Principles and responsibilities of the relationship between the customer and the supplier that facilitate the framework are provided. The responsibility for the quality assessment procedure is shared between the customer and the supplier. ISO/TS 19158:2012 is applicable to customers and suppliers of all geographic information where the quality of the product may be impacted upon by the supplier's processes in any of the following scenarios:

1) there is an agreement or legislation for the supply of data acquisition services,

2) data acquisition services are being tendered for, and

3) one or more suppliers exist in the supply chain.

ISO/TS 19158:2012 is not applicable for the supply of legacy datasets or ?off the shelf' products where there is no further data production or update activity to manage.

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO/TS 19159-1:2014 defines the calibration and validation of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing imagery sensors. The term _calibration_ refers to geometry, radiometry, and spectral, and includes the instrument calibration in a laboratory as well as in situ calibration methods. The validation methods address validation of the calibration information.

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO/TS 19163-1:2016 classifies imagery and regularly spaced gridded thematic data into types based on attribute property, sensor type and spatial property, and defines an encoding-neutral content model for the required components for each type of data. It also specifies logical data structures and the rules for encoding the content components in the structures. The binding between the content and a specific encoding format will be defined in the subsequent parts of ISO 19163. ISO/TS 19163-1:2016 does not address LiDAR, SONAR data and ungeoreferenced gridded data. The logical data structures and the rules for encoding the content components will be addressed in the subsequent parts of ISO 19163.

This document specifies a general Digital Twin Reference Architecture in terms of defining system characteristics, a Reference Model and architecture views for Digital Twins.

This document provides a generic digital twin maturity model, definition of assessment indicators, and guidance for a maturity assessment.

This document establishes terminology for Digital Twin (DT) and describes concepts in the field of Digital Twin, including the terms and definitions of Digital Twin, concepts of Digital Twin (e.g., Digital Twin ecosystem, lifecycle process for Digital Twin, and classifications of Digital Twin), Functional view of Digital Twin and Digital Twin stakeholders. This document can be used in the development of other standards and in support of communications among diverse, interested parties/stakeholders. This document is applicable to all types of organizations (e.g., commercial enterprises, government agencies, not-for-profit organizations).

This standard defines a digital twin maturity model for industry, including digital twin capability domains and corresponding subdomains. This standard also defines assessment methodologies, including assessment content, assessment processes, and assessment maturity levels.

Definition of DTw correspondence measure; Components of the measure such as similarity, resolution, latency, LoD (level of detail); Quantification of the measure, Relation with other DTw projects including maturity level; and Unique features of DTw including twinning.

This document specifies technical aspects related to the extraction, decoupling, trading, and benefits of data components throughout the digital twin life cycle.

Defines:

- common formats,

- values, and

- coding for Internet of things (IoT).

This document defines the conceptual framework and mechanisms for mapping information elements from Building Information Modelling (BIM) to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to access the required information based on specific user requirements. The conceptual framework for mapping BIM information to GIS is defined with the following three mapping mechanisms: (1) BIM to GIS Perspective Definition (B2G PD); (2) BIM to GIS Element Mapping (B2G EM); (3) BIM to GIS LOD Mapping (B2G LM). This document does not describe physical schema integration or mapping between BIM and GIS models because the physical schema integration or mapping between two heterogeneous models is very complex and can cause a variety of ambiguity problems. Developing a unified information model between BIM and GIS is a desirable goal, but it is out of the scope of this document. The scope of this document includes the following:

(1) definition for BIM to GIS conceptual mapping requirement description;

(2) definition of BIM to GIS conceptual mapping framework and component; and

(3) definition of mapping for export from one schema into another.

The following concepts are outside the scope:

(1) definition of any particular mapping application requirement and mechanism;

(2) bi-directional mapping method between BIM and GIS;

(3) definition of physical schema mapping between BIM and GIS; and

(4) definition of coordinate system mapping between BIM and GIS.

NOTE: For cases involving requirements related to Geo-referencing for providing the position and orientation of the BIM model based on GIS, there exist other standards such as ISO 19111 and the Information Delivery Manual (IDM) from buildingSMART on Geo-referencing BIM.