Ontologies

ISO/IEC 21000-21:2017 specifies an ontology for representing contracts in the Multimedia Framework formed for the transaction of MPEG-21 Digital Items or services related to the MPEG-21 Framework. Media Contract Ontology (MCO) aims to digitally express agreements made in environments using ISO/IEC 21000. These agreements are contracts for transactions of content packed as Digital Items, as well as for services provided around this content by means of a sematic representation. The range of contracts under scope are as follows: - contracts about transactions on rights for the exploitation of content as MPEG-21 Digital Items; - contracts about the provision of MPEG-21-based services, like delivery, identification, encryption, search and others. However, MCO can also be used as electronic format for contracts on the trade of media rights beyond the MPEG framework.

The present document identifies the requirements that should characterise an ontology for the semantic conceptualisation of information related to IP traffic measurements. The requirements are obtained through the analysis of use cases spanning across a variety of related application categories and domains of interest, as well as the consideration of additional qualitative needs, such as the protection of personal data. Additional inputs arise from user experience, as well as the 'GS/MOI-010' Work Item study, entitled "Report on information models for IP traffic measurement" . The general difficulty of setting limits to an ontology, taking concepts from outside is also dealt within the present document that states MOI focus on IP traffic measurement concepts and let's side ontologies dealing with other subjects, an easy way to link. Thus a rather practical approach to define MOI ontology will be laid so that further QoS, traffic monitoring and Internet governance issues can be built on top of it by means of semantic tools.

iiRDS is a standard for the delivery of intelligent information in the scope of user assistance for products. The information is provided with the product for the purpose of assisting the users in setting up, operating, and maintaining the product. Intelligent information is defined as technical documentation content enriched with metadata. iiRDS consists of a vocabulary for the metadata provided with the content (RDF Schema) and a package format for the exchange of packages.

This document describes Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), which is an ontology that is conformant to the requirements specified for top-level ontologies inISO/IEC218381. It describes BFO as a resource designed to support the interchange of information among heterogeneous information systems. The following are within the scope of this document: definitions of BFO-2020 terms and relations; axiomatizations of BFO-2020 in OWL2 and CL; documentation of the conformity of BFO-2020 to the requirements specified for top-level ontologies inISO/IEC218381; specification of the requirements for a domain ontology if it is to serve as a module in a suite of ontologies in which BFO serves as top-level ontology hub by providing a starting point for the introduction of the most general terms in those domain ontologies which are its nearest neighbours within the suite; specification of the role played by the terms in BFO in the formulation of definitions and axioms in ontologies at lower levels that conform to BFO. The following are outside the scope of this document: specification of ontology languages, including the languages RDF, OWL, and CL standardly used in ontology development; specification of methods for reasoning with ontologies; specification of translators between the notations of ontologies developed in different ontology languages.

PSL is being incorporated into the TUpper ontology as Part 4 of ISO 21838 (Top Level Ontologies). In particular, TUpper extends PSL with modules for physical objects, location, and units of measure, thus addressing the shortcomings of using PSL alone. In these notes, we summarize various aspects of PSL and TUpper with respect to the IOF selection criteria for a foundational ontology.

The Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) is a top-level ontology (TLO) conforming to ISO/IEC 21838-1. It contains definitions of its terms and relational expressions and formal representations in OWL 2 and in Common Logic (CL). DOLCE is a top-level ontology aimed at making explicit people-s assumptions about the nature and structure of the world, as reflected by natural language, cognition and human common sense. DOLCE is widely used by a diverse array of domain ontologies in areas like enterprise and process modeling, engineering, robotics, geographical information systems, socio-technical systems and digital humanities. The natural language specification of the DOLCE signature supports human maintenance and use of the ontology, including use in development of conformant domain ontologies. The adoption of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) as a W3C standard was motivated by the need to have a decidable ontology representation language as the basis for the Semantic Web. The OWL 2 formalization of DOLCE supports use of the ontology in computing, including enabling DOLCE to be used in tandem with other ontologies expressed in OWL and in related languages, and in allowing ontology quality control through use of OWL reasoners. The CL formalization of DOLCE provides the expressivity needed to provide an axiomatization whose models are the intended models of DOLCE. This axiomatization has a modular structure (see Figure 2 where the arrows represent the relation of extension of theories). This document conforms to ISO/IEC 21838-1.

ISO/TS 19150-1:2012 defines the framework for semantic interoperability of geographic information. This framework defines a high level model of the components required to handle semantics in the ISO geographic information standards with the use of ontologies.

ISO/IEC 21000-21:2017 specifies an ontology for representing contracts in the Multimedia Framework formed for the transaction of MPEG-21 Digital Items or services related to the MPEG-21 Framework. Media Contract Ontology (MCO) aims to digitally express agreements made in environments using ISO/IEC 21000. These agreements are contracts for transactions of content packed as Digital Items, as well as for services provided around this content by means of a sematic representation. The range of contracts under scope are as follows: - contracts about transactions on rights for the exploitation of content as MPEG-21 Digital Items; - contracts about the provision of MPEG-21-based services, like delivery, identification, encryption, search and others. However, MCO can also be used as electronic format for contracts on the trade of media rights beyond the MPEG framework.

ISO/IEC 21000-19:2010 describes MPEG-21 Media Value Chain Ontology (MVCO). The MVCO may be used to capture knowledge about media value chains and to represent it in a computer readable way, concepts in the domain and the relationships between those concepts. ISO/IEC 21000-19:2010 describes the following technology. Model: the model is described in Clause 6, by way of a narrative description of the Value Chain, its main elements and relations.Representation: the MVCO has been formalised as a normative OWL Ontology, and the description of which is given in this Clause. The description consists of listing the classes, the object properties, the datatype properties, and the class individuals. Classes are described by giving the name, an English definition, the class hierarchy, and the restrictions imposed on the class. The representation is given in Clause 7. Annex B contains the normative OWL (XML/RDF) comprising the entire semantics of the elements in the model.Ontology use: an Informative section is provided with non normative descriptions of use, extensions and an API (Annex A).

The Smart Applications REFerence ontology (SAREF) is intended to enable interoperability between solutions from different providers and among various activity sectors in the Internet of Things (IoT), thus contributing to the development of the global digital market.

ISO/IEC 21000-19:2010 describes MPEG-21 Media Value Chain Ontology (MVCO). The MVCO may be used to capture knowledge about media value chains and to represent it in a computer readable way, concepts in the domain and the relationships between those concepts. ISO/IEC 21000-19:2010 describes the following technology. Model: the model is described in Clause 6, by way of a narrative description of the Value Chain, its main elements and relations. Representation: the MVCO has been formalised as a normative OWL Ontology, and the description of which is given in this Clause. The description consists of listing the classes, the object properties, the datatype properties, and the class individuals. Classes are described by giving the name, an English definition, the class hierarchy, and the restrictions imposed on the class. The representation is given in Clause 7. Annex B contains the normative OWL (XML/RDF) comprising the entire semantics of the elements in the model. Ontology use: an Informative section is provided with non normative descriptions of use, extensions and an API (Annex A).

ISO/IEC 18384-3:2016 defines a formal ontology for service-oriented architecture (SOA), an architectural style that supports service orientation. The terms defined in this ontology are key terms from the vocabulary in ISO/IEC 18384-1.