This document presents the NIST Federated Cloud Reference Architecture model. This actor/role based model used the guiding principles of the NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture to develop an 11 component model which are described individually and how they function as an ensemble. There are many possible deployments and governance options which lend themselves to create a suite of federation options from simple to complex. The basics of cloud federation can be described through the interactions of the actors in a layered three planes representation of trust, security, and resource sharing and usage. A discussion on possible future standards and use cases are also described in great detail.
The acute need of the multitude of smart, end-user IoT devices and near-user edge devices to carry out, with minimal latency, a substantial amount of data processing and to collaborate in a distributed way, triggered technology advancements towards adaptive, decentralized computational paradigms that complement the centralized cloud computing model serving IoT networks.
Researchers, computer scientists, system and network engineers developed innovative solutions to fill the technological gaps. These solutions provide faster approaches that gain better situational awareness in a far more timely manner. Such solutions or computational paradigms are referred to as fog computing, mist computing, cloudlets4, or edge computing5,6. Since no consensus exists on distinction among these concepts at the time this document was created, the authors considered it imperative to provide a conceptual model that can be used by practitioners and researchers to facilitate meaningful conversations on the topic.
This document provides the conceptual model of fog computing and its subsidiary mist computing, and aims to place these concepts in relation to cloud computing7 and edge computing.
Additionally, the document introduces the notion of a fog node and the nodes federation model composed of both, distributed and centralized, often hierarhical clusters of fog nodes operating in harmony. This model is introduced as a building-block architectural approach for constructing, enhancing or expanding the fog and mist computing layers.
Furthermore, the document characterizes important aspects of fog computing and is intended to serve as a means for broad comparisons of fog computing capabilities, service models and deployment strategies, and to provide a baseline for discussion of what fog computing is and the way it may be used.
The capabilities, service types and deployment models form a simple taxonomy that is not intended to prescribe or constrain any particular method of deployment, service delivery, or business operation.
This project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add Physical Layer specifications and Management Parameters for 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s electrical interfaces based on 100 Gb/s signaling.
Define Physical Layer specifications (PHY) and management parameters for the transfer of Ethernet format frames at 400 Gb/s over fewer than 16 pairs of multimode fiber physical media.
Define physical layer specifications and management parameters for the transfer of Ethernet format frames at 50 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s at reaches greater than 10 km over single-mode fiber. Make TDECQ (Transmitter and dispersion eye closure for PAM4) related changes to existing 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s physical medium dependent sublayers over single-mode fiber.
The scope of the project defines physical layer specifications and management parameters for symmetric bidirectional 10 Gb/s, 25 Gb/s, and 50 Gb/s operation over single strand of single mode fiber of at least 10 km.
This project will implement editorial and technical corrections, refinements, and clarifications to Clause 33, Power over Ethernet over 2 pairs, and related portions of the standard. No new features will be added by this project.
Replace references to the IEC 60950 series of standards (including IEC 60950-1 "Information technology equipment - Safety - Part 1: General requirements") with appropriate references to the IEC 62368 "Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment" series and make appropriate changes to the standard corresponding to the new references.
This amendment adds physical layer specifications and management parameters for optical subscriber access supporting point-to-multipoint operations using wavelength division multiplexing over an increased-reach (up to at least 50 km) passive optical network (PON).
Define physical layer specifications and management parameters for the transfer of Ethernet format frames at 100 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s at reaches greater than 10 km over DWDM systems.
This project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add PHY specifications and Management Parameters for 100 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s Ethernet optical interfaces for reaches up to 10 km based on 100 Gb/s per wavelength optical signaling.
Cloud computing can and does mean different things to different people. The common characteristics most interpretations share are on-demand scalability of highly available and reliable pooled computing resources, secure access to metered services from nearly anywhere, and displacement of data and services from inside to outside the organization. While aspects of these characteristics have been realized to a certain extent, cloud computing remains a work in progress.
The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of public cloud computing and the security and privacy challenges involved. The document discusses the threats, technology risks, and safeguards for public cloud environments, and provides the insight needed to make informed information technology decisions on their treatment. The document does not prescribe or recommend any specific cloud computing service, service arrangement, service agreement, service provider, or deployment model. Each organization must perform its own analysis of its needs, and assess, select, engage, and oversee the public cloud services that can best fulfill those needs.
