Standard

This Recommendation offers a description of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system in dealing with e-waste. It expands on the different existing forms of EPR globally, not only in theoretical terms, but also with a practical view on their feasibility, challenges and pre-requisites. It presents the definition of the EPR system, in addition to the roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders, the different types of EPR as well as how and why they could be used in certain contexts and not in others. The funding mechanism behind every mode and the organizational structure expected to be in place are also presented. The Recommendation concludes with many best practices from the international arena including developed, developing and emerging economies, as well as the challenges faced in some cases.

Recommendation ITU-T L.1032 is part of a series of ITU-T Recommendations that considers requirements for recyclers of waste information and communication technology (ICT). This Recommendation addresses, in particular, the informal sector that is involved in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) collection and dismantling.

This Recommendations must be read in conjunction with national legislation and technical requirements for WEEE recyclers at the national level. A number of standards on WEEE, related to the present series of Recommendations, are published on the ITU-T website at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Pages/default.aspx .

Updates on the regional and international conventions and legislation presented can be found at: www.Basel.int (for the Basel Convention), also at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/shipments/legis.htm (for the EU waste shipment regulations), and at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm (for the EU WEEE directive).

In addition, there are a number of mandatory and voluntary standards on the treatment conditions for workers and the environment that can be used as guidelines to improve national legislation and the quality of recycling where such standards are yet to be implemented.

Recommendation ITU-T L.1100 provides information on the recycling procedures of rare metals in information and communication technology (ICT) goods. It also defines a communication format for providing recycling information of rare metals contained in ICT goods.

Recommendation ITU-T L.1023 outlines an assessment method for circularity scoring of information and communication technology (ICT) goods.
The assessment method consists of three steps:
1) Setting the relevance and applicability (R) of each criterion for circular product design (CCPD) for the ICT goods at hand,
2) Assess the margin of improvement (MI) of each criterion,
3) Calculate the circularity score (score) from 0 to 100% for the ICT good at hand for all three circular design guideline groups (CDGGs). This includes:
– Using a predefined value matrix to identify the % score from 0 to 100 for each cobination of R×MI.
– Average the included criteria for the ICT good at hand separately for all three groups: product durability, ability to recycle, repair, reuse, and upgrade from equipment and manufacturer level.

This Recommendation suggests approaches of circular economy (CE) for information and communication technology (ICT) goods and networks. It focuses particularly on the next steps in improving circularity in the operators′ supply chain.

The Recommendation provides a guide on how operators could work with their supply chain to improve CE aspects for ICT goods and networks but it does not provide metrics. The objective of the guide is to provide options to improve circularity and to enable operators and their suppliers to create business models for the promotion of circular networks for an optimum solution that uses all the loops of circularity - from sharing to recycling.

Data format requirements for blockchain systems are established in this standard. This standard addresses data structures, data types, and data elements

Defined in this standard is the general process of cryptocurrency payment between consumers and merchants. This process describes how a consumer purchases goods or services with cryptocurrency and how the merchant receives fiat money in return. It involves multiple aspects such as cryptocurrency payment operators playing an agent role, consumers owning cryptocurrency, merchant accessing to a cryptocurrency payment platform, banks, and cryptocurrency exchanges.

A framework of a custodian service for cryptocurrency and token assets is defined in this standard. Custodian reference technical architecture, business logic description, custodian service business models, digital asset evaluation criteria, operational procedure models, and regulatory requirement support models are included in this framework.

The frequency bands used for broadcasting below 30 MHz are: •Low Frequency (LF) band: from 148,5 kHz to 283,5 kHz, in ITU Region 1 [1] only; •Medium Frequency (MF) band: from 526,5 kHz to 1 606,5 kHz, in ITU Regions 1 [1] and 3 [1] and from 525 kHz to 1 705 kHz in ITU Region 2 [1]; •High Frequency (HF) band: a set of individual broadcasting bands in the frequency range 2,3 MHz to 27 MHz, generally available on a Worldwide basis. These bands offer unique propagation capabilities that permit the achievement of: •large coverage areas, whose size and location may be dependent upon the time of day, season of the year or period in the (approximately) 11 year sunspot cycle; •portable and mobile reception with relatively little impairment caused by the environment surrounding the receiver. There is thus a desire to continue broadcasting in these bands, perhaps especially in the case of international broadcasting where the HF bands offer the only reception possibilities which do not also involve the use of local repeater stations.

Energy efficiency is one of the critical factors of the modern telecommunication systems. The energy consumption of the access network is the dominating part of the wireless telecom network energy consumption. Therefore the core network and the service network are not considered in the present document. In the radio access network, the energy consumption of the Base Station is dominating (depending on technology often also referred to as BTS, NodeB, eNodeB, gNodeB etc. and in the present document denoted as BS). The present document, ETSI ES 202 706-1, defines the measurement method for the evaluation of base station power consumption and energy consumption with static load: •Average power consumption of BS equipment under static test conditions: the BS average power consumption is based on measured BS power consumption data under static condition when the BS is loaded artificially in a lab for three different loads, low, medium and busy hour under given reference configuration. •Daily average energy consumption.
ETSI TS 102 706-2 [i.8] defines energy efficiency measurement of the base station with dynamic load.

In order to facilitate a shift to a more sustainable economy, Circular Economy (CE) has been proposed as one of the main ways forward. In this context, CE combined with Information and Telecommunication Technologies (ICT) could enable decoupling of economic growth and environmental impact [i.1]. Due to the seemingly scattered understanding of the topic of CE, and its main aspect Resource Efficiency (RE), it will be necessary to summarize, and then standardize, the manner in which CE and RE is quantified.