ITU

Currently e-health systems are being implemented by governments and stakeholders to increase the effectiveness, efficiency and the quality of health care services. The Internet of things (IoT) as a relatively new technology is transforming e-health systems to further enhance health care services. However, this transformation concomitantly creates a need for effective performance evaluation frameworks of e-health systems in the IoT.

Recommendation ITU-T Y.4908 addresses this need for effective performance evaluation frameworks of e-health systems in the IoT and includes:
- A classification of e-health services in the IoT.
- A non-exhaustive set of non-functional performance evaluation factors applicable to the e-health systems in the IoT.
- Performance evaluation frameworks for e-health systems in the IoT.

Blockchain is an emerging technology, its most important characteristics are traceable, un-erasable, immutable, and time-stamped. It is able to efficiently ensure integrity, authenticity, and auditability for all transactions. Blockchain has important impacts and benefits for data exchange and sharing in support of Internet of things (IoT) and smart cities and communities (SC&C). In most of the IoT and SC&C scenarios, it is necessary to ensure data processing, circulation, sharing and management for all trust operations. Blockchain technologies can meet these needs. Recommendation ITU-T Y.4560 specifies the requirements, functional models, a platform, and deployment modes of blockchain-based data exchange and sharing for supporting IoT and SC&C.

Along with the development of the Internet of things (IoT) and smart cities and communities (SC&C), various applications have different kinds of requirements for data management, and there are many challenges, especially in data representing, data processing, data service provisioning, and other aspects in a secure and effective manner. Meanwhile, blockchain as an emerging technology possesses the characteristics of trust, transparency, traceability and accountability. It has the potential capabilities to solve the existing issues in data management. Recommendation ITU-T Y.4561 specifies the requirements, generic reference model, common capabilities, and procedures of blockchain-based data management.

Recommendation ITU-T Y.4051 contains vocabulary applied to the work on smart cities and communities (SC&C). The vocabulary terms and definitions in this Recommendation are defined in published ITU‑T Recommendations and Supplements, and standards from other international standards developing organizations (SDOs) such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Additionally, this vocabulary also includes and defines new terms to meet the needs of the work of ITU on SC&C.

This Recommendation contains a maturity model for smart sustainable cities. This maturity model helps identify the goals, levels and key measures that are recommended for cities to effectively examine their current situation and determine critical capabilities needed to progress toward the long-term goal of becoming SSCs.
The Recommendation includes:
- Smart Sustainable City Maturity Model (SSC-MM),
- maturity dimensions in smart sustainable cities,
- maturity levels for smart sustainable cities, and
- mapping of key performance indicators in smart sustainable cities.

The ultimate objective of this Recommendation is to enhance the sustainability of identified priority sectors in smart cities, in order to optimise economic, environmental and social benefits.Cities will decide on their digital transformation priorities. For example, cities might also want to encourage collaboration to deliver desired outcomes.This kind of engagement based on the assessment framework can incentivize industry engagement and investment.Recommendation ITU-T Y.4906 contains the following:1) Introduction of the assessment framework and its components2) Identification of indicators - Examples of categories of indicators to assist in this objective for the assessment frameworks include:- Digital infrastructure;- Digital transformation initiatives for sectors;- Collaboration efforts on digital transformation;- Economic, environmental and social benefits according to sector digital transformation.3) Sector assessment and analysis

Recommendation ITU-T Y.4905 is a holistic impact framework for the assessment of smart and sustainable cities to address the effects of digital innovation on social, economic and environmental issues. Smart sustainable city (SSC) initiatives have been proposed as potential solutions to economic, social and environmental challenges and pressures encountered by cities. Advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) enable significant transformation potential in the way city resources, services and infrastructures are planned and managed. More specifically, ICT can play an enabling role to address the urban challenges of the twenty-first century. Smart sustainable cities harness ICTs (including various subtopics under ICT such as digital transformation, data, Internet of things (IoT), digital services, etc.) and intend to deliver city enhancements through a portfolio of action items. By their very nature, SSC initiatives impact the underlying cities. It is important to identify and asses this impact. The identification and assessment of impact will allow for better planning, the setting expectations with stakeholders, better informed budgeting, more effective public private partnerships and the promotion of alternative financing mechanisms. This will also help in communicating SSC initiatives.

This Recommendation introduces the concept of blockchain-based unified key performance indicator data management for smart sustainable cities (BKDMS), analyses its common characteristics and high-level requirements, defines a reference architecture of BKDMS and relevant common capabilities，gives a common data structure of KPIs according to the KPIs definition of the ITU-T Y.4900 series.The scope of this Recommendation does not include:• The KPIs definition.• The KPI data value and scope.• Specific technical implementation mechanism of blockchain.

This Recommendation addresses a transportation safety management model that describes disaster management steps based on Internet of things (IoT) technologies in order to reduce damage from disasters. An architectural model for transportation safety services is described based on [ITU-T Y.4116] and on requirements according to the IoT reference model [ITU-T Y.4000].
The scope and characteristics of transportation disasters from various transportations (e.g., road, railway, maritime and air transportation) are based on [ITU-T Y.4116]. Transportation safety management parameters (e.g., safety index and driver tiredness) are presented respectively in Annex A and Annex B and sensing data pre-processing procedure and characteristics of transportation application services are described in the appendices of this Recommendation.
NOTE – In this Recommendation, some capabilities (e.g., driver condition monitoring, infrastructure monitoring) and some applications (e.g., road/train/maritime/air safety management services) may be related to regulation in some countries. In this case, non-functional aspects related to regulation are out of scope and functional aspects cannot supersede existing regulation. Regulatory issues may be subject to laws (e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) related regulation).

Smart parking lots (SPLs) integrate parking information to enable the coordination of parking facilities within smart cities. SPLs work with other systems to provide various parking services. This Recommendation specifies the requirements and functional architecture for SPLs. The scope of this Recommendation includes: introduction of SPLs; requirements for SPL; Functional architecture of SPL. For use cases of SPL see Appendix I. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.

The objective of Recommendation ITU-T Y.4119 is to identify requirements of an Internet of things (IoT)-based automotive emergency response system (AERS) for aftermarket devices and to provide a capability framework of the AERS.In particular, the scope of this Recommendation includes:– Overview of the AERS– Requirements of the AERS– Capability framework of the AERSAERS for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) pre-installed devices, such as the pan-European eCall [b-CEN EN 16072], is out of scope of this Recommendation.NOTE – AERS can be considered as a third party service provider (TPSP) system [b-CEN EN 16102] in the pan-European eCall.Also, the operation of the emergency authority (EA) is out of scope of this Recommendation.

Recommendation ITU-T Y.4211 specifies accessibility requirements for smart public transport services. The concept of accessibility in public transport services has been mainly concerned with eliminating physical barriers such as adopting accessible trains and buses that allow wheelchair accessibility by mechanical lowering-entrance floors. In smart public transport services, the use of Internet of things (IoT), when properly designed, may increase accessibility of public transport services by providing access of information and physical accessibility. The IoT can be used to create tools for persons with many types of disability and specific needs, including physical, visual, hearing and cognitive disabilities. In order for the smart transport services to appropriately provide accessible services, information about accessibility profiles must be agreed upon in advance. Such accessibility profiles should basically include information on accessibility needs while travelling on public transport services.