ISO/IEC

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO/IEC 8632 provides a file format suitable for the storage and retrieval of picture description information. The file format consists of an ordered set of elements that may be used to describe pictures in a way that is compatible between systems of different architectures, compatible with devices of differing capabilities and design, and meaningful to application constituencies. This picture description includes the capability for describing static images. The elements specified provide for the representation of a wide range of pictures on a wide range of graphical devices. The elements are organized into groups that delimit major structures (metafiles, pictures, and application structures), that specify the representations used within the metafile, that control the display of the picture, that perform basic drawing actions, that control the attributes of the basic drawing actions, that allow application-specific structuring to be overlaid on the graphical content, and that provide access to non-standard device capabilities. The metafile is defined in such a way that, in addition to sequential access to the whole metafile, random access to individual pictures and individual context-independent application structures is well-defined. Applications which require random access to pictures and/or context-independent application structures within pictures may, within the metafile, define directories to these pictures and/or context-independent application structures. The metafile may then be opened and randomly accessed without interpreting the entire metafile. In addition to a functional specification, two standard encodings of the metafile syntax are specified. These encodings address the needs of applications that require small metafile size plus minimum effort to generate and interpret, and maximum flexibility for a human reader or editor of the metafile. This part of ISO/IEC 8632 describes the format using an abstract syntax. The remaining parts of ISO 8632 specify standardized encodings that conform to this syntax: ISO/IEC 8632-3 specifies a binary encoding; ISO/IEC 8632-4 specifies a clear text encoding.

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO/IEC 9636 establishes the conceptual model, functional capability, and minimum conformance requirements of the Computer Graphics Interface (CGI). It specifies design requirements for encodings of the CGI. ISO/IEC 9636 defines a set of CGI functions that is expected to satisfy the following needs of a majority of the computer graphics community:(a) provide an interface standard for computer graphics software package implementors;(b) provide an interface standard for computer graphics device manufacturers and suppliers;(c) provide an inquiry and response mechanism for graphics device capabilities, characteristics, and states;(d) provide a standard graphics escape mechanism to access non-standard graphics device capabilities; and(e) allow for future functional extension of the CGI.In addition to the CGI functionality, device classes, and Foundation and Constituency Profiles are defined. The device classes included in the CGI are output (OUTPUT), input (INPUT), and output/input (OUTIN). Profiles allow subsets of the CGI functions and features to be defined to suit particular well-identified groups of users. There is also provision for Constituency Profiles to be registered after ISO/IEC 9636 is published. The Computer Graphics Interface (CGI) is a standard functional and syntactical specification of the control and data exchange between device-independent graphics software and an implementation of a CGI Virtual Device. The syntax of the CGI, presented in ISO/IEC 9636, is an encoding-independent and binding-independent specification. Any similarity of the examples or function specifications to a particular encoding technique or language is coincidental unless explicitly stated otherwise. The functions specified provide for the representation of a wide range of two-dimensional pictures and for control over their display on a wide range of graphics devices. The functions are split into groups that perform device and CGI session control, specify the data representations used, control the display of the picture, perform basic drawing actions, control the attributes of the basic drawing actions, acquire data from input devices, and provide access to non-standard device capabilities. This part of ISO/IEC 9636 gives an overview of ISO/IEC 9636, explains the relationship between its parts and their relation to other standards, describes a reference model for graphics systems, and defines certain Foundation and Constituency Profiles. ISO/IEC 9636-2, ISO/IEC 9636-3, ISO/IEC 9636-4, ISO/IEC 9636-5, and ISO/IEC 9636-6 specify the CGI functions for different functional areas using an abstract notation. ISO/IEC 9637 and ISO/IEC 9638 define standard data stream encodings, procedural library bindings, and single entry point procedural bindings of the CGI.

ISO/IEC 9973:2013 specifies procedures to be followed in preparing, maintaining and publishing the International Register of Items for any standard whose classes of items are applicable to this register. The items that may be registered fall into several broad categories including:- computer graphics concepts,- data structures used by relevant standards,- spatial and environmental concepts, and- profiles of relevant standards.

This document specifies guidelines for the representation and visualization of smart cities. This document:(a) describes the concepts of a smart city, smart city object and smart city data,(b) describes categories of data associated with smart cities,provides guidance for representation of smart cities,(c) describes guidance for visualization of smart cities,(d) provides guidance in selecting the appropriate representation and visualization technique for different categories of smart city data using standards, and(e) provides use cases for applying standards to the representation and visualization of smart cities.

ISO/IEC 18305:2016 identifies appropriate performance metrics and test & evaluation scenarios for localization and tracking systems, and it provides guidance on how best to present and visualize the T&E results. It focuses primarily on indoor environments.

This document specifies guidelines for developing a cybersecurity framework. It is applicable to cybersecurity framework creators regardless of their organizations' type, size or nature.

ISO/IEC 19775, X3D, defines a software system that integrates network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D application is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 defines the architecture and base components of X3D. The semantics of X3D describe an abstract functional behaviour of time-based, interactive 3D, multimedia information. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 does not define physical devices or any other implementation-dependent concepts (e.g. screen resolution and input devices). It is intended for a wide variety of devices and applications, and provides wide latitude in interpretation and implementation of the functionality. For example, it does not assume the existence of a mouse or 2D display device. Each X3D application:(1) implicitly establishes a world coordinate space for all objects defined, as well as all objects included by the application;(2) explicitly defines and composes a set of 3D and multimedia objects;(3) can specify hyperlinks to other files and applications;(4) can define programmatic or data-driven object behaviours;(5) can connect to external modules or applications via programming and scripting languages;(6) explicitly declares its functional requirements by specifying a profile; and(7) can declare additional functional requirements by specifying components.

This document defines a reference model and base components for representing and controlling a single LAE or multiple LAEs in an MAR scene. It defines concepts, a reference model, system framework, functions and how to integrate a 2D/3D virtual world and LAEs, and their interfaces, in order to provide MAR applications with interfaces of LAEs. It also defines an exchange format necessary for transferring and storing LAE-related data between LAE-based MAR applications. This document specifies the following functionalities: a) definitions for an LAE in MAR; b) representation of an LAE; c) representation of properties of an LAE; d) sensing of an LAE in a physical world; e) integration of an LAE into a 2D/3D virtual scene; f) interaction between an LAE and objects in a 2D/3D virtual scene; g) transmission of information related to an LAE in an MAR scene. This document defines a reference model for LAE representation-based MAR applications to represent and to exchange data related to LAEs in a 2D/3D virtual scene in an MAR scene. It does not define specific physical interfaces necessary for manipulating LAEs, that is, it does not define how specific applications need to implement a specific LAE in an MAR scene, but rather defines common functional interfaces for representing LAEs that can be used interchangeably between MAR applications.

This document is the first of a family of standards. This part of ISO/IEC 9592 specifies a set of functions for computer graphics programming, the Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS). PHIGS is a graphics system for application programs that produce computer generated pictures on output devices. It supports operator input and interactions by supplying basic functions for graphical input and hierarchical picture definition. Picture definitions can be retained centrally where they may be edited by an application. Alternatively, graphical data may be processed without first storing it. To assist in this processing, explicit control over resources used to encapsulate the results of these processing operations is provided. Basic application requirements in the areas of lighting and shading are provided through primitives and functions for controlling the rendering of 3D objects. Utilization of raster images in the generation of PHIGS pictures is provided. Pictures are displayed on output devices which may have associated input devices. Several input devices can be used simultaneously. The application program is allowed to adapt its behaviour to make best use of their capabilities. Graphical output can be constrained to particular views. Views can be specified parametrically and automatic processing of input operations can be used to control viewing. New input devices can be defined from the capabilities available. Functions are specified for archiving picture definitions to file. In addition an interface to the Computer Graphics Metafile (ISO/IEC 8632) is described. This part of ISO/IEC 9592 defines a language independent nucleus of a graphics system for integration into a programming language. PHIGS is embedded in a language layer obeying the particular conventions of the language. Such language bindings are specified in ISO/IEC 9593.

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO/IEC 23007-1:2010 defines a specification for the exchange, the control and the communication of widgets with other entities, a widget being a self-contained living entity with an interactive and dynamic visualization.

ISO/IEC 18026:2009 specifies the Spatial Reference Model (SRM) defining relevant aspects of spatial positioning and related information processing. The SRM allows precise and unambiguous specification of geometric properties such as position (location), direction, and distance. The SRM addresses the needs of a broad community of users, who have a range of accuracy and performance requirements in computationally intensive applications. Aspects of ISO/IEC 18026:2009 apply to, but are not limited to:(1) mapping, charting, geodesy, and imagery;(2) topography;(3) location-based services;(4) oceanography;(5) meteorology and climatology;(6) interplanetary and planetary sciences;(7) embedded systems; and(8) modelling and simulation.The application program interface supports more than 30 forms of position representation. To ensure that spatial operations are performed consistently, the application program interface specifies conversion operations with functionality defined to ensure high precision transformation between alternative representations of geometric properties. ISO/IEC 18026:2009 is not intended to replace the standards and specifications developed by ISO/TC 211, ISO/TC 184, the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). It is applicable to applications whose spatial information requirements overlap two or more of the application areas that are the scope of the work of ISO/TC 211, ISO/TC 184, the IAU, and the IAG.

This document specifies a general framework addressing the following six components: conformance in the standard itself; test requirements document (defining what shall be tested for a computer graphics standard); test specifications document (addressing the test technique and the content of each test); test method (defining the implementation of the test specification document, including the test software); test procedures (defining the application of the test software, which consists of the procedures to be used in conformance testing); the establishment of test services. Is applicable to all standards within the scope of the ISO/IEC JTC1 subcommittee responsible for computer graphics and image processing.