Ontologies

This document specifies the metamodel that provides a facility to register administrative and evolution information related to ontologies. The metamodel is intended to promote interoperability among application systems, by providing administrative and evolution information related to ontologies, accompanied with standardized ontology repositories that register ontologies themselves in specific languages. This document does not specify the metamodels of ontologies expressed in specific languages and the mappings among them.

ISO/IEC 18384-3:2016 defines a formal ontology for service-oriented architecture (SOA), an architectural style that supports service orientation. The terms defined in this ontology are key terms from the vocabulary in ISO/IEC 18384-1.

ISO/IEC 13250-5:2015 specifies a formal model for subject maps, minimal access functionality and information retrieval from subject maps and a constraint framework governing the interpretation of subject maps. Particular formalisms to constrain subject maps are not covered by this part of ISO/IEC 13250.

SAREF4ENER is an extension of SAREF that was created in collaboration with Energy@Home and EEBus to enable the interconnection of their (different) data models.

Industrial automation systems and integration

SAREF4CITY is an extension of SAREF for the Smart Cities domain. This extension has been created by investigating resources from potential stakeholders of the ontology, such as standardization bodies, associations, IoT platforms and European projects and initiatives. Taking into account ontologies, data models, standards and datasets provided by the identified stakeholders, a set of requirements were identified and grouped in the following categories: Topology, Administrative Area, City Object, Event, Measurement, Key Performance Indicator, and Public Service.

SAREF4INMA focuses on extending SAREF for the industry and manufacturing domain to solve the lack of interoperability between various types of production equipment that produce items in a factory and, once outside the factory, between different organizations in the value chain to uniquely track back the produced items to the corresponding production equipment, batches, material and precise time in which they were manufactured.

SEAS ontology describes energy systems and their interactions.

SAREF4SYST defines Systems, Connections between systems, and Connection Points at which systems may be connected.

The Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology is an ontology for describing sensors and their observations, the involved procedures, the studied features of interest, the samples used to do so, and the observed properties, as well as actuators. SSN follows a horizontal and vertical modularization architecture by including a lightweight but self-contained core ontology called SOSA (Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator) for its elementary classes and properties. With their different scope and different degrees of axiomatization, SSN and SOSA are able to support a wide range of applications and use cases, including satellite imagery, large-scale scientific monitoring, industrial and household infrastructures, social sensing, citizen science, observation-driven ontology engineering, and the Web of Things. Both ontologies are described below, and examples of their usage are given.

This document provides the basic concepts for IoT systems semantic interoperability, as described in the facet model of ISO/IEC 21823-1, including: - requirements of the core ontologies for semantic interoperability; - best practices and guidance on how to use ontologies and to develop domain-specific applications, including the need to allow for extensibility and connection to external ontologies; - cross-domain specification and formalization of ontologies to provide harmonized utilization of existing ontologies; - relevant IoT ontologies along with comparative study of the characteristics and approaches in terms of modularity, extensibility, reusability, scalability, interoperability with upper ontologies, and so on, and; - use cases and service scenarios that exhibit necessities and requirements of semantic interoperability.

The Thing Description (TD) ontology is an RDF axiomatization of the TD information model, one of the building blocks of the Web of Things (WoT). Besides providing an alternative to the standard JSON representation format for TD documents, the TD ontology can also be used to process contextual information on Things and for alignments with other WoT-related ontologies.