AI-based EU Local Digital Twin reference architecture (EN 304 181)

This standard specifies a reference architecture for the execution of Local Digital Twins (LDTs) in European cities and communities. The architecture defines the essential components, interfaces, and data flows required to enable interoperable, AI-enabled digital twin solutions, supporting real-time integration of heterogeneous data sources, advanced analytics, and simulation capabilities.

The standard covers the logical and technical layers necessary for the deployment, operation, and federation of digital twins, including context management (e.g. using NGSI-LD), data models (e.g. using SAREF), AI/ML integration (with ethical considerations aligned to the EU AI Act), secure data exchange, and IoT device integration (e.g. via oneM2M standards). It ensures alignment with ongoing European initiatives such as CitiVerse EDIC, and Minimal Interoperability Mechanisms (MIMs/ITU-T Y.4505), while supporting compliance with relevant EU regulations and standards including the Interoperable Europe Act.

The architecture is designed to be extensible, supporting cross-domain use cases (such as mobility, energy and urban planning) and future technological advancements, exploring on-going standards developments for digital twins (e.g. in ISO/IEC, ITU-T, CEN/CENELEC). Implementation guidance will be provided to facilitate adoption by cities and ensure vendor-neutral solutions.