Ontologies

This document specifies a taxonomy and an ontology for blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT). The taxonomy includes a taxonomy of concepts, a taxonomy of DLT systems and a taxonomy of application domains, purposes and economy activity sections for use cases. The ontology includes classes and attributes as well as relations between concepts. The audience includes but is not limited to academics, architects, customers, users, tool developers, regulators, auditors and standards development organizations.

The Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) is a top-level ontology (TLO) conforming to ISO/IEC 21838-1. It contains definitions of its terms and relational expressions and formal representations in OWL 2 and in Common Logic (CL). DOLCE is a top-level ontology aimed at making explicit people-s assumptions about the nature and structure of the world, as reflected by natural language, cognition and human common sense. DOLCE is widely used by a diverse array of domain ontologies in areas like enterprise and process modeling, engineering, robotics, geographical information systems, socio-technical systems and digital humanities. The natural language specification of the DOLCE signature supports human maintenance and use of the ontology, including use in development of conformant domain ontologies. The adoption of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) as a W3C standard was motivated by the need to have a decidable ontology representation language as the basis for the Semantic Web. The OWL 2 formalization of DOLCE supports use of the ontology in computing, including enabling DOLCE to be used in tandem with other ontologies expressed in OWL and in related languages, and in allowing ontology quality control through use of OWL reasoners. The CL formalization of DOLCE provides the expressivity needed to provide an axiomatization whose models are the intended models of DOLCE. This axiomatization has a modular structure (see Figure 2 where the arrows represent the relation of extension of theories). This document conforms to ISO/IEC 21838-1.

PSL is being incorporated into the TUpper ontology as Part 4 of ISO 21838 (Top Level Ontologies). In particular, TUpper extends PSL with modules for physical objects, location, and units of measure, thus addressing the shortcomings of using PSL alone. In these notes, we summarize various aspects of PSL and TUpper with respect to the IOF selection criteria for a foundational ontology.

This document describes Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), which is an ontology that is conformant to the requirements specified for top-level ontologies inISO/IEC218381. It describes BFO as a resource designed to support the interchange of information among heterogeneous information systems. The following are within the scope of this document: definitions of BFO-2020 terms and relations; axiomatizations of BFO-2020 in OWL2 and CL; documentation of the conformity of BFO-2020 to the requirements specified for top-level ontologies inISO/IEC218381; specification of the requirements for a domain ontology if it is to serve as a module in a suite of ontologies in which BFO serves as top-level ontology hub by providing a starting point for the introduction of the most general terms in those domain ontologies which are its nearest neighbours within the suite; specification of the role played by the terms in BFO in the formulation of definitions and axioms in ontologies at lower levels that conform to BFO. The following are outside the scope of this document: specification of ontology languages, including the languages RDF, OWL, and CL standardly used in ontology development; specification of methods for reasoning with ontologies; specification of translators between the notations of ontologies developed in different ontology languages.

iiRDS is a standard for the delivery of intelligent information in the scope of user assistance for products. The information is provided with the product for the purpose of assisting the users in setting up, operating, and maintaining the product. Intelligent information is defined as technical documentation content enriched with metadata. iiRDS consists of a vocabulary for the metadata provided with the content (RDF Schema) and a package format for the exchange of packages.

An ontology of identity credentials is an explicit specification of a conceptualization of identity credentials, including the actors, actions, and objects that establish the relationships of
their production, use, and destruction.

The present document identifies the requirements that should characterise an ontology for the semantic conceptualisation of information related to IP traffic measurements. The requirements are obtained through the analysis of use cases spanning across a variety of related application categories and domains of interest, as well as the consideration of additional qualitative needs, such as the protection of personal data. Additional inputs arise from user experience, as well as the 'GS/MOI-010' Work Item study, entitled "Report on information models for IP traffic measurement" . The general difficulty of setting limits to an ontology, taking concepts from outside is also dealt within the present document that states MOI focus on IP traffic measurement concepts and let's side ontologies dealing with other subjects, an easy way to link. Thus a rather practical approach to define MOI ontology will be laid so that further QoS, traffic monitoring and Internet governance issues can be built on top of it by means of semantic tools.

The Smart Applications REFerence ontology (SAREF) is intended to enable interoperability between solutions from different providers and among various activity sectors in the Internet of Things (IoT), thus contributing to the development of the global digital market.

The Thing Description (TD) ontology is an RDF axiomatization of the TD information model, one of the building blocks of the Web of Things (WoT). Besides providing an alternative to the standard JSON representation format for TD documents, the TD ontology can also be used to process contextual information on Things and for alignments with other WoT-related ontologies.

This document provides the basic concepts for IoT systems semantic interoperability, as described in the facet model of ISO/IEC 21823-1, including: - requirements of the core ontologies for semantic interoperability; - best practices and guidance on how to use ontologies and to develop domain-specific applications, including the need to allow for extensibility and connection to external ontologies; - cross-domain specification and formalization of ontologies to provide harmonized utilization of existing ontologies; - relevant IoT ontologies along with comparative study of the characteristics and approaches in terms of modularity, extensibility, reusability, scalability, interoperability with upper ontologies, and so on, and; - use cases and service scenarios that exhibit necessities and requirements of semantic interoperability.

The Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology is an ontology for describing sensors and their observations, the involved procedures, the studied features of interest, the samples used to do so, and the observed properties, as well as actuators. SSN follows a horizontal and vertical modularization architecture by including a lightweight but self-contained core ontology called SOSA (Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator) for its elementary classes and properties. With their different scope and different degrees of axiomatization, SSN and SOSA are able to support a wide range of applications and use cases, including satellite imagery, large-scale scientific monitoring, industrial and household infrastructures, social sensing, citizen science, observation-driven ontology engineering, and the Web of Things. Both ontologies are described below, and examples of their usage are given.

SAREF4SYST defines Systems, Connections between systems, and Connection Points at which systems may be connected.