Citiverse

This document investigates barriers and proposes measures to improve interoperability between geospatial and BIM domains, namely, to align GIS standards developed by ISO/TC 211 and BIM standards developed by ISO/TC 59/SC 13. Where relevant this document takes into account work and documents from other organizations and committees, such as buildingSMART, International (bSI), Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN). The focus is to identify future topics for standardization and possible revision needs of existing standards. This document investigates conceptual and technological barriers between GIS and BIM domains at the data, service and process levels, as defined by ISO 11354 (all parts).

Advice is given for cloud computing ecosystem participants (cloud vendors, service providers, and users) of standards-based choices in areas such as application interfaces, portability interfaces, management interfaces, interoperability interfaces, file formats, and operation conventions. These choices are grouped into multiple logical profiles, which are organized to address different cloud roles.

A functional model for federation based on the NIST Cloud Federation Reference Architecture is defined in this standard. This model allows a range of deployment topologies and governance. As a general federation model, it can be applied to many application domains using different implementation approaches. As such, it includes cloud-to-cloud federation and interoperability.

This standard provides a general shared function model for cloud computing, in order to normalize how functions are shared between cloud service providers (CSPs) and cloud service customers (CSCs). The standard specifies functions ownership from seven aspects for three main cloud service delivery models, including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). The seven aspects of function are as follows:

1) The physical infrastructure function.

2) The virtualization infrastructure function.

3) The operating system function.

4) The network control function.

5) The application function.

6) The data function.

7) The identity and access management function.

Each of the seven aspects considers many factors including security, management, etc. In this standard, levels 1 to 4, which are clearly the service provider's function for IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, are briefly mentioned for the integrity of the model. This standard focuses on levels 5, 6, and 7.

This document identifies technical requirements for information exchange between entities within the reference architecture. The requirements for information exchange in the following networks are within the scope of this document:

- user network that connects the user entity and the digital twin entity;

- service network that connects sub-entities within the digital twin entity;

- access network that connects the device communication entity to the digital twin entity and to the user entity; and

- proximity network that connects the device communication entity to the observable manufacturing elements.

This part of ISO 29481 specifies:

- a methodology that links the business processes undertaken during the construction of built facilities with the specification of information that is required by these processes, and

- a way to map and describe the information processes across the life cycle of construction works.

This part of ISO 29481 is intended to facilitate interoperability between software applications used during all stages of the life cycle of construction works, including briefing, design, documentation, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition. It promotes digital collaboration between actors in the construction process and provides a basis for accurate, reliable, repeatable and high-quality information exchange.

This document specifies an XML format for representing forms data and annotations in the Portable Document Format, ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0).

This document specifies how to extend the ISO 32000-2 specification by adding the ISO 10303-242 (STEP AP 242) format as a valid format for 3D assets contained in a RichMedia annotation. It is intended for:

- developers of software that creates PDF files (PDF writers);

- software that reads existing PDF files and usually interprets their contents for display (PDF readers);

- software that reads and displays PDF content and interacts with the computer users to possibly modify and save the PDF file (PDF processors);

- PDF products that read and/or write PDF files for a variety of other purposes (PDF processors).

ISO/IEC 21823-3:2021 provides the basic concepts for IoT systems semantic interoperability, as described in the facet model of ISO/IEC 21823-1, including:

(1) requirements of the core ontologies for semantic interoperability;

(2) best practices and guidance on how to use ontologies and to develop domain-specific applications, including the need to allow for extensibility and connection to external ontologies;

(3) cross-domain specification and formalization of ontologies to provide harmonized utilization of existing ontologies;

(4) relevant IoT ontologies along with comparative study of the characteristics and approaches in terms of modularity, extensibility, reusability, scalability, interoperability with upper ontologies, and so on; and

(5) use cases and service scenarios that exhibit necessities and requirements of semantic interoperability.

Based on ISO/IEC 21823-1, this document provides the basic concepts for IoT systems and digital twin systems behavioral and policy interoperability. This includes - requirements - guidance on how to identify points of interoperability - guidance on how to express behavioral and policy information on capabilities - guidance on how to achieve trustworthiness interoperability, and - use cases and examples.

ISO 10303-21:2016 specifies an exchange format that allows product data described in the EXPRESS language to be transferred from one computer system to another. ISO 10303-21:2016 adds anchor, reference and signature sections to support external references, support for compressed exchange structures in an archive, digital signatures and UTF-8 character encoding.

ISO/IEC 14496-16:2011 specifies MPEG-4 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX) model for representing and encoding 3D graphics assets to be used standalone or integrated in interactive multimedia presentations (the latter when combined with other parts of MPEG-4). Within this model, MPEG-4 is extended with higher-level synthetic objects for geometry, texture, and animation as well as dedicated compressed representations.